Reports emerged of several major prisons across the country being attacked, and law and order rapidly deteriorated across most of Egypt. In the beginning, tensions were high between the police and protesters with violence breaking out in Suez and Alexandria. Egypt’s interim foreign minister announces the reopening of the Rafaḥ border crossing between Egypt and Gaza; the crossing had been closed since Ḥamās took control of Gaza in 2007. Ganzouri, an economist, previously served as prime minister under Mubārak from 1996 to 1999. I can't be part of the propaganda machine; I am not going to feed the public lies. However, several key posts are still filled by Mubārak appointees. [185] Protest marches were also held in Giza and El-Mahalla El-Kubra,[186] Suez, Port Said, Rafah, Ismailiya, Zagazig, al-Mahalla al-Kubra, Aswan and Asyut. [215] Suleiman agreed to set up a committee of judiciary and political figures to study constitutional reforms. However, gunfire was heard in the early hours of the day in Cairo. We all wanted peaceful protests, and our slogan was no to vandalism. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. An Egyptian armoured personnel carrier covered in anti-Mubarak graffiti in Cairo, 2011. In this special feature, Britannica provides background and context for the events unfolding in Egypt—shedding light on the political, economic, and social tensions that simmered for decades and erupted early in 2011. [77][78][79] The Muslim Brotherhood (MB), reiterated demands for Mubarak's resignation. See the listing of events for year 2020-2021. [161], In Cairo, a standoff took place in front of the Egyptian Museum in the early morning hours with rocks and petrol bombs reportedly flying. "[159], Mubarak rejected international calls to step aside. [212] Protesters in Cairo numbered in the vicinity of one million. [168], Shahira Amin resigned from her position as deputy head of Nile TV, citing its coverage of the protests, saying, "I walked out yesterday. [152][153][154][155][156], UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon condemned the violence and reiterated calls for reform,[157] while EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton said that the violence must stop and that Mubarak needed to explicitly describe proposed changes. [38], Shortly after Jumu'ah (Friday prayers), tens of thousands of Egyptians assembled to protest; within hours the number rose to hundreds of thousands. "[149] and that "Today's violence is again an indication of a criminal regime that has lost any common sense. A Palestinian reconciliation agreement brokered by Egypt is signed by. [128] Government forces and the police also fired into the crowd in an attempt to disperse the protesters. [250], Al Hurra TV reported that Mubarak was planning to hand authority to the Egyptian army. [112], Similar protests occurred across Egypt with hundreds of thousands in Alexandria, and an estimated 250,000 in Sinai[113][114] and Suez[115] marking the largest mobilisation in the then eight-day-old protest. He then outlawed certain practices such as circumcision and the Sabbath. In Abu Zabaal prison in Cairo, eight people were killed as police clashed with inmates trying to escape. The demonstrators put up a sign that said: "Closed until the fall of the regime". [278] Former Finance Minister Youssef Boutros Ghali fled to Beirut. [128] He also said Mubarak should be given a "safe exit" for Friday's "Departure Day. After the death of Alexander the Great, his Kingdom was divided into four; Egypt, the Seleucid Empire, the Kingdom of Pergamon and Macedon (including Greece). About 600 were arrested in Cairo, including 8 Egyptian journalists protesting against the government's reported restrictions on domestic and Middle Eastern affairs. [125] Meanwhile, banks remained closed, making it difficult for people to obtain money to buy food; for those that have money, prices skyrocketed as consumers flood the few open stores. The Jewish army had defeated Lysias. After the defeat, Antiochus’ armies were devastated. Find below a searchable list of all events from Victoria II, including those from DLCs (Hearts of Darkness). The first session of the People’s Assembly is held. ElBaradei arrived from Giza, where he had been leading protests, to Cairo. The social structure of Jerusalem was run by the Jewish aristocracy such as the Priests and the High Priests. Early election returns show the highest totals for the Muslim Brotherhood’s Freedom and Justice Party and for the Nūr Party, a hard-line Islamist party. [119] Mubarak said he would stay in office to ensure a peaceful transition to the next election, set for September 2011, and promised to make political reforms. [50] The day's defiance was summed up by the plethora of Tunisian national flags and anti-Mubarak graffiti that the protesters had created in the Greater Cairo region, Alexandria, Beni Suef, Mansoura and Manufiya. Chaos was rampant in Suez during the night, but as day broke the streets remained relatively quiet. The MB also said, after protests turned violent, that it was time for the military to intervene. Greek Hopliteby Johnny Shumate (Public Domain). As pressure rose on Mubarak, the scale of the protests continued to grow, especially on specially organized Friday rallies. The televised proceedings sometimes descend into chaos, partly because of the large number of lawyers in court representing the families of slain protesters. Suleiman is disqualified for failing to collect the 30,000 petition signatures required for entry into the race, Shater is disqualified for having been convicted of a crime, and Abu-Ismail, a hard-line Islamist, is disqualified under a rule banning candidates who hold foreign citizenship or have parents who hold foreign citizenship (his deceased mother had acquired dual Egyptian-U.S. citizenship). In 167 BCE, the Jewish people rose up, with Mattathias as their leader. Thousands of protesters crowded into the main streets of…, …February 2011, following a popular uprising that forced the resignation of Pres. The army had earlier broadcast a message on television: ... You began by going out to express your demands and you are the ones capable of restoring normal life. But we are not there yet. Leave!" Alaa and Gamal are transported from Sharm al-Shaykh to prison in Cairo. [162], Protests continued in Alexandria and Mansoura, where Al Jazeera suggested up to a million people marched. After almost three weeks of mass protests in Egypt, Mubārak stepped down as president, leaving the Egyptian military in control of the country. State TV showed Defence Minister Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi meeting with two dozen top army officers. The state understood this, and therefore, made it a legal requirement for anybody who could afford it to go at least once. [61] For the fourth day in a row the curfew was violated without repercussions. The crowd did not disperse. After independent candidates associated with the banned Muslim Brotherhood performed well in legislative elections in 2005, becoming the largest opposition contingent in the People’s Assembly, the ruling National Democratic Party (NDP) wins overwhelmingly in 2010 elections, virtually eliminating the opposition from the People’s Assembly. [61], Widespread protests continued, with many protesters chanting, "Down with Mubarak". The Muslim Brotherhood said it was talking with the government. Five were reported killed and 836 were taken to hospitals according to the Health Minister. [18][19][20], Protests were not as large on 27 January while preparations were made for planned large-scale events on the following day (Friday). Mubārak appears in court again for the second session of his trial. Trials for Mubārak and his sons are scheduled for August 3 in a Cairo criminal court. Ḥosnī Mubārak and Habib al-Adly, the former minister of the interior, are convicted and sentenced to life in prison for ordering the killing of protesters during the uprising in January and February 2011. [47] Protesters in Suez took control of a police station, freed arrested protesters and then burned down a nearby smaller local police post. The Seleucids were bereft of hope as Judah drove the enemy out of the Holy City. In his speech on 1 February 2011 he said: This dear nation ... is where I lived, I fought for it and defended its soil, sovereignty and interests. The following chronological summary of major events took place during the 2011 Egyptian revolution right up to Hosni Mubarak's resignation as the fourth President of Egypt on 11 February 2011. An earlier official estimate, made by members of the Mubārak government, had put the death toll at 365. As clashes begin to subside, the government issues an apology for the deaths of about 40 protesters. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. [253][254] The military council also met without Mubarak. Wael Ghonim, Google's head of Marketing for the Middle East and North Africa and the founder of the Facebook page that was said to have been influential in fomenting the protests, who had been in custody since 25 January, was reported to have been released. Demonstrations continued, forcing Ben Ali to flee the country. [252] Fighter aircraft were heard above the Tahrir Square at 20:00 amid calls for the "destruction of the regime." The Egyptian election commission announces that the first round of presidential elections will be held on May 23 and that, if necessary, a runoff will be held on June 16 and 17. In August relations between the two countries soured after Israeli forces killed five Egyptian police officers near the Egypt-Israel border while responding to an attack by militants who…. Violence breaks out after police attempt to remove tents in Tahrir Square to prevent a long-term sit-in. What we have now is a blind chaos leading to a civil war. [217], Hundreds of thousands of protesters camped out in Tahrir Square where a symbolic funeral procession was held for Ahmad Mohamed Mahmoud of Al-Ta'awun. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu expressed concern over a new government saying: "I am convinced that the forces that want to bring change and democratization in Egypt will also enhance peace between Israel and the Arab world. At the same time, all correspondents for the network had their credentials revoked. Protesters charge that the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces has adopted repressive tactics similar to those of the Mubārak regime, such as censoring the media, using military courts to try civilians, and torturing detainees. It was the social and religious centre of the Jewish people, not to mention the economic benefits of trading in the Temple. Helicopters monitored the protests, and fighter jets repeatedly flew low over Tahrir Square. [216] Naguib Sawiris, who was involved in the talks, said that "big progress" had been made. [259] Prime Minister Ahmed Shafiq said, "everything is in the hands of President Hosni Mubarak and no decisions have been taken yet. מובארק צפוי להתפטר הערב, "Egypt's President Mubarak May Step Down as Army Meets", "Military says Mubarak will meet protesters demands", "Mubarak meets with VP, protesters flood square", "Egyptian minister denies Mubarak will step down", "Egypt army takes charge, Mubarak to address nation", "Mubarak to announce handover in speech: TV", "Mubarak Defiance of Ouster Calls Angers Protesters", "Egypt's Mubarak transfers power to vice president", "Mubarak's refusal to step down enrages protesters", "ElBaradei calls on Egyptian army to intervene", "Mubarak's final hours: Desperate bids to stay", "Sons of Egypt's Mubarak nearly came to blows: report", "Witnesses: Egyptian army withdraws from positions near presidential palace", "Mubarak leaves Cairo for Sinai as protests spread", "Egyptian army backs Hosni Mubarak and calls for protesters to go home", "Latest Updates on Day 18 of Egypt Protests", "Egypt's Joy after Mubarak's Step Down | Demotix.com", "Mubarak is out!